دولت رقیب
دولت رقیب، گروهی سیاسی است که ادعا میکند دولت مشروع (حکومت انحصاری) یک کشور مستقل است و در مقابل دولت به رسمیت شناخته شده بینالمللی آن کشور، قرار دارد.[۱][۲][۳] چنین دولتهایی معمولاً پس از جنگ داخلی، انقلاب یا کودتای نظامی تشکیل میشوند. آنها با دولت در تبعید متفاوتند؛ زیرا در قلمرو کشور مورد ادعا مستقر هستند و بر قلمرو آن کنترل دارند.
دولتهای رقیب فعلی
سطح ملی
| دولت | کشور | تأسیس | یادداشتها |
|---|---|---|---|
 تایوان |
 چین |
۱۹۷۱ | Originally founded in 1912 following the 1911 Revolution. The Nationalist government took control with the Northern Expedition in 1920s. Collapsed following the Chinese Civil War and retreated to Taiwan. Lost its international recognition with the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI) and the One China policy of the mainland Communist government. |
 دولت حماس |
 فلسطین |
۲۰۰۷ | Established by Hamas in 2007 following the Battle of Gaza in opposition to the Fatah-led Government of Palestine. Based in Gaza City and controls parts of the Gaza Strip.[۴][۵][۶] |
 امارت اسلامی سومالی |
 سومالی |
۲۰۰۸ | Established in 2008 by Al-Shabaab in opposition to the Federal Government of Somalia during the Somali Civil War. Based in Jilib and controls parts of southern and central Somalia. |
 شورای عالی سیاسی |
 یمن |
۲۰۱۶ | Established by the Houthis following their takeover of Sanaa in September 2014 during the Yemeni civil war in opposition to the Presidential Leadership Council. Based in Sanaa and has control over parts of northern and western Yemen.[۷] Recognised by Iran as the legitimate government of Yemen and was previously recognised by Syria under the Ba'athist regime. |
 دولت وحدت ملی میانمار |
کمیسیون امنیت و صلح دولتی |
۲۰۲۱ | Established by the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and subsequent Myanmar Civil War in opposition to the provisional government appointed by the State Administration Council. Operates in hiding within areas of Myanmar under its control.[۸][۹] In January 2025, Lwin Ko Latt stated that the NUG will be headquartered in Sagaing Region and ministerial offices would be opened in this month in the liberated areas within the region.[۱۰] As of May 2025, the United Nations continues to list NUG President Win Myint as President of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.[۱۱] |
 دولت ثبات ملی |
 لیبی |
۲۰۲۲ | Formed by the House of Representatives in March 2022 in opposition to the Government of National Unity appointed by the Libyan Presidential Council. Based in Tobruk and controls most of eastern Libya.[۱۲] |
 دولت صلح و وحدت |
 سودان |
۲۰۲۵ | Established by the Rapid Support Forces in April 2025 during the Sudanese Civil War in opposition to the cabinet appointed by the Transitional Sovereignty Council. Based in Nyala and controls southern Darfur and parts of Kordofan.[۱۳][۱۴] |
سطح فروملی
| دولت | کشور | تأسیس | یادداشتها |
|---|---|---|---|
 ائتلاف رود کنگو |
 جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو |
۲۰۲۵ | ائتلاف رود کنگو، در مناطق تحت کنترل خود در استانهای کیوو شمالی و کیوو جنوبی، فرمانداران استانی رقیب را منصوب کرده است، که در تضاد با فرمانداران استانیِ قانونیِ منصوب شده توسط دولت جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو است. |
دولتهای رقیب سابق از ۱۹۴۵
| دولت | کشور | تأسیس | انحلال | یادداشتها |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 دولت موقت دموکراتیک |
.svg.png){kind=small} پادشاهی یونان |
۱۹۴۷ | ۱۹۴۹ | Established by the Communist Party of Greece in December 1947 during Greek Civil War. It was defeated in 1949 in the Operation Pyrsos and officially dissolved in 1950. |
| جمهوری خلق چین |
دولت ملی جمهوری چین |
۱۹۴۹ | Recognised 1971 | Proclaimed by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949 after its victory in the Chinese Civil War. Gained international recognition with the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 (XXVI). |
 دولت انقلابی جمهوری اندونزی |
اندونزی |
۱۹۵۸ | ۱۹۶۱ | Established to combat the Djuanda Cabinet-backed Guided democracy government in Indonesia led by Sukarno, the revolutionary government was eventually defeated and its leaders imprisoned. |
_(1960%E2%80%931963).svg.png){kind=small} جمهوری آزاد کنگو |
جمهوری کنگو |
۱۹۶۰ | ۱۹۶۲ | Established on 12 December 1960 following Patrice Lumumba's deposition during the Congo Crisis. It was soon recognised by Socialist and African countries. In late 1961 and early 1962, the Chamber of Deputies demanded the return of Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga to the capital and military chief Victor Lundula pledged allegiance to the official government and arrested Gizenga ending the government. |
| جمهوری خلق کنگو |
جمهوری دموکراتیک کنگو |
۱۹۶۳ | ۱۹۶۵ | Established in August 1964 following the conquest of Stanleyville during the Congo Crisis by the Simba rebels. In 1965, the last rebel strongholds fell. |
 دولت موقت انقلابی جمهوری ویتنام جنوبی |
 جمهوری ویتنام (ویتنام جنوبی) |
۱۹۶۹ | ۱۹۷۶ | Established on 8 June 1969 during the Vietnam War in opposition to the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Administered Viet Cong held areas of South Vietnam. Was recognized as the government of South Vietnam by most socialist states and Malta.[۱۵] Gained complete control of South Vietnam after the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. Was disbanded when South Vietnam merged with North Vietnam on 2 July 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. |
 جمهوری دموکراتیک خلق آنگولا |
 جمهوری خلق آنگولا |
۱۹۷۵ | ۲۰۰۲ | Established on 11 November 1975 during the Angolan Civil War by the originally Maoist UNITA. After the death of Jonas Savimbi, UNITA demobilized and became an ordinary political party. |
 جمهوری خلق کمپوچیا |
 کمپوچیای دموکراتیک |
۱۹۷۹ | ۱۹۹۲ | Established by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation in opposition to Democratic Kampuchea following the capture of Phnom Penh on 7 January 1979 by Vietnamese forces during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. Based in Phnom Penh and administered most of Cambodia. The previous regime continued to be recognised as Cambodia's legitimate government by most countries and held the country's seat at the United Nations. The People's Republic of Kampuchea changed its name to the State of Cambodia in 1989 and was disestablished when Cambodia came under United Nations administration in 1992. |
| دولت موقت اتحاد ملی و نجات ملی کامبوج |
 پادشاهی کامبوج |
۱۹۹۴ | ۱۹۹۸ | Established by remnants of the Khmer Rouge. It was based in the Pailin municipality. Dissolved following Pol Pot's death. |
 امارت اسلامی افغانستان |
.svg.png){kind=small} دولت اسلامی افغانستان |
۱۹۹۶ | ۲۰۰۱ | Established by the Taliban on 4 April 1996 during the Afghan conflict in opposition to the Islamic State of Afghanistan. Was initially based in Kandahar before capturing Kabul on 27 September 1996 and had gained control of approximately 90% of Afghanistan by the end of 2000. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan was recognised by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. The Taliban were forced out of Kabul and Kandahar in 2001 during the United States invasion of Afghanistan. The Taliban maintained an insurgency against the Afghan government and, following a decision by US president Donald Trump to withdraw US forces from Afghanistan beginning in 2020, recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021. |
| شورای ملی انتقالی |
.svg.png){kind=small} جماهیری عربی خلق سوسیالیستی عظمای لیبی |
۲۰۱۱ | ۲۰۱۲ | Established by Anti-Gaddafi forces in February 2011 during the First Libyan Civil War in opposition to the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Based in Benghazi. Gained control of eastern Libya in March 2011 and captured Tripoli in August 2011. The council gained recognition by numerous states as the legitimate government of Libya and was granted the country's seat in the United Nations in September 2011. Was superseded by the cabinet appointed by the General National Congress elected in 2012. |
| دولت نجات ملی لیبی |
کابینه دوم الثانی |
۲۰۱۴ | ۲۰۱۶ | Break-away faction of the General National Congress which did not support the formation of the Second Al-Thani Cabinet, originally founded in September 2014. Based in Tripoli and controlled western Libya. Was recognized as the legitimate government of Libya by Turkey, Sudan, Qatar, and Ukraine. Was initially dissolved and absorbed into the internationally recognized Government of National Accord in April 2016 following the Libyan Political Agreement. |
| کابینه دوم الثانی |
دولت وفاق ملی |
۲۰۱۶ | ۲۰۲۱ | Established by the House of Representatives in September 2014 following the 2014 Libyan parliamentary election. Based in Tobruk and controlled eastern Libya. Was recognized by most countries as the legitimate government of Libya until the establishment of the Government of National Accord in March 2016 following the Libyan Political Agreement. Continued to exist in opposition to the Government of National Accord with limited international recognition until both governments merged into the Government of National Unity following the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum in early 2021. |
| دولت نجات ملی لیبی |
دولت وفاق ملی |
۲۰۱۶ | ۲۰۱۷ | Break-away faction of the General National Congress which did not support the formation of the Government of National Accord following the Libyan Political Agreement. It was reestablished during an attempted coup d'état against the Government of National Accord in October 2016. However, it received no international recognition or support following the coup attempt and was again dissolved and absorbed into the Government of National Accord in March 2017. |
.svg.png){kind=small} دولت موقت سوریه |
%252C_Flag_of_Syria_(1980%E2%80%932024).svg.png){kind=small} سوریه بعثی |
۲۰۱۳ | ۲۰۲۵ | Established by the Syrian National Coalition in March 2013 during the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Ba'athist Syria. Based in Azaz and administered parts of northern Syria. Was absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government in January 2025 following the Fall of the Assad regime. |
 دولت نجات سوریه |
سوریه بعثی |
۲۰۱۷ | ۲۰۲۴ | Established by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham in November 2017 during the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Ba'athist Syria. Based in Idlib and administered parts of Idlib Governorate. Was superseded by the Syrian caretaker government in December 2024 following the Fall of the Assad regime. |
مناطق اشغالی
اینها دولتهای رقیبی هستند که همزمان در مناطق اشغالی شوروی و غرب، تأسیس شدند و ادعای صلاحیت انحصاری بر منطقه مربوط به خود را دارند، اما هر دو توسط جامعه بینالمللی، به رسمیت شناخته شدهاند.
| دولت کمونیستی | دولت سرمایهداری | تأسیس | انحلال | یادداشتها |
|---|---|---|---|---|
.svg.png){kind=small} جمهوری دموکراتیک ویتنام |
دولت ویتنام
جمهوری ویتنام |
۱۹۴۵/۵۴ | ۱۹۷۵ | جمهوری دموکراتیک ویتنام (DRV)، در سال ۱۹۴۵، اعلام استقلال کرد و کشور ویتنام در سال ۱۹۴۹ تأسیس شد. ویتنام پس از کنفرانس ۱۹۵۴ ژنو، تجزیه شد و این تقسیمبندی به دنبال مناطق اشغال نظامی موقت در مدار ۱۷ درجه انجام شد، به طوری که شمال، توسط اتحاد جماهیر شوروی و چین و جنوب، توسط ایالات متحده آمریکا حمایت میشد. در حالی که هر دو توسط بلوکهای مختلف جامعه بینالمللی به رسمیت شناخته شده بودند، هرگز بهطور همزمان در سازمان ملل متحد پذیرفته نشدند و ادعای قیمومت انحصاری بر ویتنام را داشتند. آنها جنگی را آغاز کردند که با انحلال ویتنام جنوبی، پایان یافت. |
 جمهوری دموکراتیک خلق کره |
 جمهوری کره |
۱۹۴۸ | موجود | هر دو در سال ۱۹۴۸ تأسیس شدند و ادعای حاکمیت انحصاری بر شبهجزیره کره را داشتند. آنها جنگی را آغاز کردند که با پیمان صلح پایان نیافت، بلکه در سال ۱۹۵۳ با آتشبس موقت به پایان رسید. هر دو در سال ۱۹۹۱ با قطعنامه ۷۰۲ به عضویت سازمان ملل متحد پذیرفته شدند، اما روابط دیپلماتیک رسمی با یکدیگر برقرار نکردهاند. کره شمالی رسماً هدف خود برای اتحاد مجدد کره در سال ۲۰۲۴ را رها کرد. |
 جمهوری دموکراتیک آلمان |
 جمهوری فدرال آلمان |
۱۹۴۹ | ۱۹۹۰ | هر دو در سال ۱۹۴۹ تأسیس شدند و ادعای حاکمیت انحصاری بر آلمان را داشتند. دکترین هالشتاین، مانع از آن شد که کشورهایی که آلمان شرقی را به رسمیت میشناختند، با آلمان غربی روابط دیپلماتیک برقرار کنند. پیمان سیاست شرقی و اساسی ۱۹۷۲، شناسایی متقابل را آغاز کرد و هر دو در سال ۱۹۷۳ با قطعنامه ۳۳۵ به عنوان اعضای سازمان ملل متحد پذیرفته شدند. در سال ۱۹۷۴، آلمان شرقی ادعای انحصاری خود را از قانون اساسی، حذف کرد. اتحاد دوباره آلمان در سال ۱۹۹۰ تحت جمهوری فدرال آلمان صورت گرفت. |
جستارهای وابسته
منابع
- ↑ Group, Soufan (2016). "Rival Governments" (PDF). Libya, Extremism, & the Consequences of Collapse: 9–11. JSTOR resrep10785.8.
- ↑ "Sudan's Rival Government | Council on Foreign Relations".
- ↑ "Myanmar's junta brands rival government a terrorist group". Reuters. 8 May 2021.
- ↑ "Hamas' Gaza chief begins regional tour, to meet Ahmadinejad, Gulf leaders". Al Arabiya News. 30 January 2012. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
- ↑ Avnery, Uri (14 April 2011). "Israel Must Recognize Hamas' Government in Gaza". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ↑ "Hamas delivers free meals to Gaza's poor". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ↑ Nasser, Afrah (18 December 2022). "'Republic of fear': A return to Yemen after 11 years". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ↑ "Myanmar shadow government launches 'people's defensive war'". Al Jazeera (به انگلیسی). 7 September 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ↑ "Myanmar junta designates shadow government as 'terrorist' group". Deutsche Welle. 8 May 2021. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ↑ "NUG decides to headquarter in Sagaing". Myanmar Now (به Burmese). 14 January 2025.
{{cite news}}: نگهداری یادکرد:زبان ناشناخته (link) - ↑ "HEADS OF STATE HEADS OF GOVERNMENT MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
- ↑ "Libya parliament suspends rival eastern-based PM Bashagha". Al Jazeera. 16 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
- ↑ "TRT Global - Sudan paramilitary leader Hemedti declares rival government".
- ↑ "Sudan paramilitary declares rival government two years into civil war".
- ↑ "Mintoff shows off his 'non-aligned manhood' and threatens to break relations with Israel". archive.maltatoday.com.mt. 18 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2023.